Cibotium barometz is a representative tonifying kidney drug and is widely used for osteoarthritis (OA) in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its regulatory mechanisms in treating OA remain to be sufficiently investigated. The main chemical components of Cibotium barometz were screened through the TCMID database and the corresponding targets were acquired through SwissTargetPrediction. The OA-related targets were obtained from the OMIM, Genecards, Genebank, TTD, and DisGeNET databases. The prediction of key targets and pathways of Cibotium barometz in the treatment of OA was achieved by constructing a compounds-targets network and performing KEGG enrichment analysis. The OA model rats were established by the Hulth method and used to explore the protective effect of Cibotium barometz via cartilage pathological assessment. In vitro models of OA were built by the proinflammatory factor interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induced SW1353 cells and used to validate the mechanisms predicted by network pharmacology. Network pharmacology results suggested that the therapeutic effects of Cibotium barometz were closely related to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, 3, 13 and inflammation-related gene COX2, which are regulated by the NF kappa B pathway. In vivo experiments revealed that Cibotium barometz could effectively restrain cartilage from degeneration and inhibit the mRNA expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and COX2 in cartilage. In vitro experiments indicated that Cibotium barometz water extract (CBWE) could significantly inhibit the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and PGE(2) in IL-1 beta-induced SW1353 cells and markedly prevent the translocation of NF kappa B p65 from the cytoplasm to the nuclei and decrease its phosphorylation level. After small-interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to suppress the synthesis of NF kappa B p65 to block NF kappa B signaling pathway, the ability of CBWE to inhibit MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and PGE(2) was greatly reduced. Cibotium barometz has a chondroprotective effect on OA by inhibiting the response to inflammation and substrate degradation, and the related mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the NF kappa B pathway.