Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with an increasing prevalence. We explored the association of serum thyroid hormones with the risk and severity of CKD among Chinese adults. Material/Methods: This retrospective study involved 3563 participants. CKD was diagnosed according to the clinical practice guidelines of the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. Effect-size estimates are expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Given the strong magnitude of correlation, only 3 thyroid hormones were analyzed: free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxin (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). After propensity score matching on age, sex, diabetes, and hypertension, per 0.2 pg/mL increase in FT3 was significantly associated with 35-38% reduced risk of CKD at stage 1-4, and per 0.3 ng/dL increase in FT4 was only significantly associated with 21% reduced risk of CKD at stage 5 (OR, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.69-0.89), and per 0.5 mu IU/mL increment in TSH increased the risk of CKD stage 5 by 8% (1.08, 1.02-1.14). Importantly, 3 thyroid hormones acted interactively, particularly for the interaction between FT3 and FT4 in predicting CKD at stage 5 (OR, 95% CI: 1.81, 1.30-2.55 for high FT3-low FT4, 17.72, 7.18-43.74 for low FT3-high FT4, and 22.28, 9.68-51.30 for low FT3-low FT4). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that serum FT3 can be used as an early-stage biomarker for CKD, and FT4 and TSH can be used as advanced-stage biomarkers among Chinese adults.