Background: COPD is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, with particularly high rates in the People's Republic of China, even among never smokers. Large population-based cohort studies should allow for reliable assessment of the determinants of diseases, which is dependent on the quality of disease diagnoses. We assessed the validity of COPD diagnoses collected through electronic health records in the People's Republic of China. Methods: The CKB study recruited 0.5 million adults aged 30-79 years from ten diverse regions in the People's Republic of China during the period 2004-2008. During 7 years of follow-up, 11,800 COPD cases were identified by linkage with mortality registries and the national health insurance system. We randomly selected similar to 10% of the reported COPD cases and then undertook an independent adjudication of retrieved hospital medical records in 1,069 cases. Results: Overall, these 1,069 cases were accrued over a 9-year period (2004-2013) involving 153 hospitals across ten regions. A diagnosis of COPD was confirmed in 911 (85%) cases, corresponding to a positive predictive value of 85% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83%-87%), even though spirometry testing was not widely used (14%) in routine hospital care. The positive predictive value for COPD did not vary significantly by hospital ranking or calendar period, but was higher in men than women (89% vs 79%), at age >= 70 years than in younger people (88%, 95% CI: 85%-91%), and when the cases were reported from both death registry and health insurance systems (97%, 95% CI: 94%-100%). Among the remaining cases, 87 (8.1%) had other respiratory diseases (chiefly pneumonia and asthma; n=85) and 71 (6.6%) cases showed no evidence of any respiratory disease on their clinical records. Conclusion: In the People's Republic of China, COPD diagnoses obtained from electronic health records are of good quality and suitable for large population-based studies and do not warrant systematic adjudication of all the reported cases.