Background: Kyphoplasty is a popular treatment option for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). However, there is still a lack of comprehensive clinical evidence demonstrating whether kyphoplasty is suitable for treatment of OVCFs complicated by chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of kyphoplasty in the treatment of OVCFs in CKD. Methods: Twelve OVCF patients with CKD who received kyphoplasty were retrospectively reviewed. Visual analogue scale (VAS), painkiller score, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire were measured one day preoperatively, three days postoperatively, and at final follow-up to evaluate the functional outcomes of patients. Additionally, changes in the anterior, middle, and posterior vertebral heights of the fractured vertebral body (VB), as well as changes in the Cobb's angle of the thoracic spine were used to assess improvements in local kyphosis correction. Results: A rapid improvement in pain and disability was achieved in our patients, which was manifested by a significant reduction in VAS, painkiller score, and ODI three days after kyphoplasty. In addition, the use of kyphoplasty offered the benefit of restoring vertebral body height and significantly improved the Cobb's angle. These findings support the value of kyphoplasty in the correction of local kyphosis for OVCF patients with CKD. Conclusions: Kyphoplasty can rapidly relieve pain and disability, and improve local kyphosis caused by fracture in OVCF patients accompanied by CKD. These findings provide new evidence that kyphoplasty may be a safe and effective option for the treatment of OVCFs in patients with CKD. (C) 2016 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.