Hypertension is an independent risk factor for mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is suboptimally controlled worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the rate of BP control and the main barriers to achieving target BP, according to K/DOQI guidelines, in China. We performed a single-center, prospective cohort study. Two hundred and sixty CKD patients were referred by general physicians to nephrologists, and their BP was treated in accordance with K/DOQI guidelines for a 1-year follow-up. We evaluated improvement of BP target achievement and factors affecting BP control. We defined "not-at-goal" as persistence of systolic BP a parts per thousand yen 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP a parts per thousand yen 80 mmHg after 1 year. The BP decreased from 138 +/- A 12/84 +/- A 7 mmHg at baseline to 124 +/- A 13/73 +/- A 7 mmHg after 1 year. The rate of achieving the BP goal (< 130/80 mmHg) increased from 25.4 to 61.5 %. The decrease in BP was associated with a significant reduction of proteinuria (median, 0.14 vs 0.06 g/24 h; P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified proteinuria levels a parts per thousand yen1.0 g/24 h (odds ratio [OR]: 5.21; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-19.77) and high basal systolic BP (OR: 2.17; 95 % CI: 1.25-3.77) and diastolic BP (OR: 6.62; 95 % CI: 2.03-21.60) as independent predictors of not-at-goal BP. Higher educational level was independently associated with at-goal BP (OR: 0.21; 95 % CI: 0.06-0.78). In CKD patients, BP control is poor when managed by general physicians and may be improved after nephrologist referral. High basal BP and proteinuria levels a parts per thousand yen1.0 g/24 h are the main barriers that preclude the optimal control of BP.