To evaluate the material decomposition (MD) techniques in rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT) for quantifying liver fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver.Fifty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into study group (n=37) and control group (n = 13) and underwent rsDECT examination at different intervals. All the data analysis was performed using AW4.7 workstation. The fat contents under the traditional fat(water), fat(blood), and fat(muscle) material decomposition (MD) images and the fat volume fraction (FVF) from the liver fat maps generated using multi-material decomposition (MMD) technique were measured. The pathological grades (grade 0, 1, 2 and 3) of fatty liver were determined after euthanasia. The measurement differences among different grades and the correlation of measurements with different grades was analyzed using ANOVA and Spearman correlation, respectively. A receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacies of fat contents and FVF.There were statistically significant differences in FVF and fat contents under fat(water), fat(blood), fat(muscle) based MD images among different grades. These values correlated well with the pathological grades (R-value: 0.90, 0.75, 0.79, 0.80, all p <0.001), with FVF having the highest correlation. The area-under-the-curve in ROC of using FVF was the highest, with the cut-off value of 0.92 for sensitivity of 89.2% and specificity of 100%.The rsDECT MD techniques could quantitatively evaluate the fat content of fatty liver in rat, with the FVF from MMD having the highest correlation with pathological grades.Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.