Context Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is a complication of thermal thyroid nodule treatment. Objective We investigated the influencing factors of RLN injury in patients who underwent thermal ablation of thyroid nodules. Methods The data of 1004 patients (252 male, 752 female; median age 44 years) who underwent thermal thyroid nodule ablation were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into benign cystic, benign solid, and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) groups. The parameters related to RLN injury were analyzed, including the largest diameter, location of the nodules, and shortest distance of the nodule to thyroid capsule and tracheoesophageal groove (TEG). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to select risk factors for RLN injury. Results The RLN injury rate was higher in PTC (6.3%) than in benign cystic (1.2%, P = 0.019) and solid nodules (2.9%, P = 0.018). PTC subgroup analysis showed that the RLN injury rate was higher in T1b (10.7%) and T2 (28.6%) PTC than in T1a PTC (5.0%, P < 0.05). In the PTC group, TEG distance, anterior capsule distance, median capsule distance, posterior capsule distance, and maximum nodule diameter were risk factors for RLN injury. The logistic regression fitting of the nomogram showed high prediction efficiency (C-Index 0.876). The main cause of RLN injury was insufficient medial isolating fluid (MIF). The safety thicknesses of MIF for benign cystic, benign solid, and PTC nodules were 3.1 mm, 3.7 mm, and 3.9 mm, respectively. Conclusion Several risk factors for RLN injury should be considered before thermal ablation of thyroid nodules. The RLN injury rate could be predicted with the nomogram.