Aim To compare the immunogenicity of two modified hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination schedules in liver transplant recipients. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in combination with nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NUCs) is the recommended prophylaxis for preventing HBV recurrence following liver transplantation (LT). However, HBIG treatment is expensive. Active immunization with hepatitis B vaccine would be a preferable alternative prophylaxis to replace HBIG treatment. However, the overall response rate to standard vaccination (given at months 0, 1 and 6) is relatively low in immune-compromised patients. Methods Two cohorts of 114 subjects were immunized with recombinant HBV vaccine containing S-antigen. The patients in the rapid schedule group were immunized with 40g HBV vaccine at months 0, 1, 2 and 3, and with 20g at months 4, 5 and 6. The patients in the accelerated schedule group were immunized with 40g of HBV vaccine at days 0, 7, 14 and 28, and 20g at months 2, 3 and 4. Results The overall response rate was 16.7% (19/114) and all responders discontinued HBIG injection and only one patient developed HBV recurrence. The response rate was 24.6% (14/57) and 8.8% (5/57) in the rapid vaccination and the accelerated vaccination schedules, respectively (P=0.024). Conclusion HBV vaccination may induce endogenous anti-HBs to replace HBIG in selected patients. Vaccination schedules may influence vaccine response, and individual optimization may improve response rate to HBV vaccination.