Aim: We aimed to compare the oncological outcomes of laparoscopy and open resection for patients with rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). Methods: We searched the publications that compared the efficacy of laparoscopic surgery and open thoracotomy in treatment outcomes of rectal cancer after NCRT. All trials analyzed the summary hazard ratios of the endpoints of interest, including survival and individual postoperative complications. Results: Totally, 10 trials met our inclusion criteria. The pooled analysis of 3-year disease-free survival (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.93-2.06; p = 0.11) and 3-year overall survival (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.70-1.45; p = 0.97) showed that laparoscopic surgery did not achieve beneficial effects compared with open thoracotomy. The pooled result of duration of surgery indicated that laparoscopic surgery was associated with a trend for longer surgery time (SMD 27.53, 95% CI 1.34-53.72; p = 0.04), shorter hospital stay (SMD -1.64, 95% CI -2.70 to -0.58; p = 0.002), more postoperative complications (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60-0.99; p = 0.04), and decreased blood loss (SMD -49.87, 95% CI -80.61 to -19.14; p = 0.001). However, the number of removed lymph nodes, positive circumferential resection margin, as well as complications after surgery showed significant differences between the 2 groups. Conclusions: We focused on current evidence and reviewed the studies indicating that similar oncological outcomes were associated with laparoscopic surgery following NCRT for patients with locally advanced lower rectal cancer in comparison with open surgery.